Birth Control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Birth Control - Essay Example While concerned about the problems of overpopulation in the world, including the United States, these experts viewed policy change as an incremental process that came from careful research and the persuasion of political leaders (Kass-Annese and Danzer, 2003). At the other end of the spectrum stand activists who view overpopulation as a national and global emergency that needs to be addressed immediately and with radical, coercive measures if voluntary programs cannot help. Birth control methods are divided into physical methods and behavioral methods. The main physical methods are briers and hormonal methods, ormeloxifene and intrauterine method, emergency contraception and induced abortion, sterilization. To behavioral methods belong: futility awareness, statistical methods and 'interrupted sex', abstinence and lactational period (Birth Control 2007). Many advocates of birth control state that the population problem remains serious, and the issue should be addressed through private efforts and a gradual change in public policy. Overpopulation stands above any specific attachment to a particular economic system. As a result, family planning becomes an ideology in itself. Subsequently, proponents of family planning, while believing that the issue should remain nonpartisan, prove surprisingly flexible in their political allegiances. Catholic opposition to artificial birth control an

Direct Manipulation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Direct Manipulation - Research Paper Example This way, users meet their senses of control (Allison et al., 2012). The second principle is quick, flexible, and incremental actions (Bennett and Flach, 2011). The impacts of these actions on simulated objects are instantly visible. Otherwise known as the principle of virtuality, this principle shows direct manipulation can represent a controllable reality. This principle is applied in video game controls through fast-response correspondence between game controller manipulation and video game response. Examples of virtual responses in video games are characters, weapons, vehicles, or natural and manmade surroundings. Numerous actions are flexible under the rules of a video game. For instance, walking, opening, or closing doors, picking or dropping items are physical, reversible actions that video game controls manipulate through direct manipulation (Richer and Drury, 2006). Lastly, direct manipulation allows the user to make physical actions by pressing marked buttons on a controlling device rather than using compound syntax (Booth, 2014). Direction manipulation under this principle occurs with physical actions such as pointing at an object using a cursor rather than typing a pointing command. This principle fosters a feeling of immersion directly in a virtual reality instead of interacting with an intermediate. Video game controls have marked buttons that foster tasks that concentrate on local and precise interaction with virtual characters or objects. With video game controls, users do not have to type commands for characters or objects to interact with their virtual surroundings (Allison et al., 2012). Video game-type interfaces give users required information and control abilities in an interactive and enjoyable manner. These interfaces successfully streamline input/output frameworks. To a user, these streamlining protocols make a video game slightly more than just an interface. Many computer programs have interfaces that act as intermediaries for

Theoretical Perspectives Of Hrm At Ryanair Management Essay

Theoretical Perspectives Of Hrm At Ryanair Management Essay RYANAIR is Europes largest low-cost airline. Operating its low-fare, no-frills formula, has over 1700 employees and a on the increase fleet of around 50 Boeing 737 jet to provide services over 70 routes to 13 countries all the way through Europe. Operating from its Dublin center of operations, it carries around 12 million passengers every year. Its planes are quite new, and have a short turnaround time between flights of 25 minutes. RYANAIR now requires online cheek-in; otherwise it will charge the customer an additional $40 for printing the online tickets reservation at the airport. It makes most of its money from the items sold in flight such as food, drinks, etc. Theoretical perspectives of HRM We will then present a verity of theoretical perspectives that may make available the indispensable foundation for understanding both the planned and non-strategic determinates of HR practices and thus make possible researchers to get an intentional approach to HRM. Three key theoretical perspectives of HRM Resource based view of the solid Cybernetic agency / transaction costs Behavioral approach Resource based view of the solid The most recent way in into the abstract discussions of planned human resource management comes from the governmental financial side and strategic management copy and has been coin the resource based view of the solid. Since the birth of line of attack as a documented area in the field of management work organization strategists cover relied first and foremost on a single outline to structure their research. The resource-based view of ready for action advantage is firm focused whereas the traditional strategic analysis paradigm has had an industry environment focus. Firm resource heterogeneity refers to the resources of a firm and how different these wealth are across firm. In the customary strategy model firm resources are viewed as all the same across firm in the industry. Firm resource calm refers to the inability of competing firm to obtain assets from other firms. In the traditional strategy model resources are well thought-out mobile in that firms could buy or create resources held by a rival firm. In order for a firms resource to make available sustained competitive advantages for example, the resource must add positive value to the firm, and unique or rare in the midst of currant. Cybernetic agency / transaction costs This variable explains why companies use to control systems such as performance evaluation and reward system. Strategies might not be pursued if performance evaluation and reward system were not in place. They added the perspectives of population ecology, strategic reference points, human capital theory, and the Foucaldian perspective. Digitalization transmogrifies simple analog agent into very composite beings with serious potential for sovereign motion, site, doings, and kind beyond those analogies limited by run of the mill material culture. Behavioral approach The RYANIAR behavioral approach to act management attempts to term the behavior an employee must show signs of to be defective in the job. The various techniques define those behaviors, and then have need of managers to judge the size to which an employee exhibit them and emphasizes on employee behavior as the mediator between strategy and clerical piece. Employee can carry the companys goals or correct performance deficiency. The person in charge distinguishes the basic essentials job and makeup. Function refers to the goals of anticipated activities and makeup to the self of the organization and of the employees or the human resources. The RYANIAR behavior moves toward is directed toward explaining behavioral patterns in poles apart ecological site. It concentrates on culture as the single most important factors. Task-2 Empowerment includes the following, or similar, capabilities:- These ability to make decisions about personal/collective conditions These ability to access information and assets for decision-making Ability to exercise group result assembly The skill having positive-thinking on the subject of to create modify Perceptions though exchange, education and engagement. The enlargement course and changes that is never finish and self-initiated Greater than ever ones up self-image and overcoming shame Increasing ones skill in discreet accepted wisdom to sort out exact and wrong Decision flow (A) Offered Collected prior to the research for a purpose other than the proposed research, includes data (B) Singular Populations Minors, in prison individuals or institutionalized psychologically disabled person. (C) Exemption Criteria (1) Normal educational practices (2) Unknown educational tests, surveys, interviews, (3) Collection or study of existing data; (4) Public benefit or service and Program (6) Taste and food evaluation and acceptance studies. Expensive There is now talk of Ryanairs expansion into the American market, with rumours that on this venture they will have two classes of travelers on the same plane the very economy section which could sell for expensive and customer focused. This would require different types of customer care and also moving away from its core business model of cost saving for all customers. Boundaries of empowerment If RYANAIR employee empowerment is such a great tool and strategy for bring about works, customers service, and employee motivation. RYANAIR organizational boundaries are also factors related to EE and high performing teams. Boundaries help newly empowered employees understand what their new, empowered roles are. Collective bargaining agent Given bellow the collective bargaining agent advantages and disadvantages. Advantages of Collective Bargaining Collective Bargaining is elastic and RYANAIR and not fixed or still: It has flexibility and ample range for finding the middle ground, for a mutual give and take sooner than the final accord is Reached or arrived at Collective bargaining RYANAIR is not a completive course of action but is for all intents and purposes a complementary course of action: Each social gathering wants a bit that the other party has that is to say, labor can make a greater creative try and executive has the capacity to disburse for those efforts and to put in order and guide. In good health preparation: The agreements that move toward from united bargaining are for set moment in time periods, be able to let organization to sketch for the prospect based on those agreements. Disadvantages of Collective Bargaining When unions and companies be of the same opinion on pay add to, it might cause rise in fee; then the client will have to shoulder the full weigh down of their agreement. Wage go with the flow leads to higher wage costs for employers and top price increases in the financial system, which in go round leads to top notice rates and minor investment. Task-3 Communication barriers Many people think that communicating is easy. A communication barrier is very important of any business. Given bellow the communication barriers. Physical barriers Physical barriers in the place of work include: striking out territory, empire and fiefdoms into which strangers are not acceptable closed office doors, separate areas for group of diverse status Large running areas or effective in one unit that is in the flesh separate on or after others. Research shows that one of the most key factors in house cohesive teams is closeness. As long as natives still have an own space that they be capable of call their own, closeness to others aids communication because it helps us get to know one a different. Perceptual barriers The problem with cabin crew communicating with others is with the intention of we all see the globe differently. If we didnt, we would have no need to exchange a few words: something like extrasensory acuity would seize its place. Interpersonal barriers There are six levels at which people can distance them from one an additional Taking out RYANIR cabin crew taking out is a lack of interpersonal makes contact with. It is both refusals to be in lay a hand on and time without help. Rituals RYANIR cabin crew is empty, repetitive routines devoid of valid get in touch with. Pastimes fill up time with others in social but on the surface behavior. Working activities are persons tasks which go after the rules and trial of get in touch with but no more. Games are subtle, scheming interactions which are on the subject of winning and losing. Its difference other country system. Contact is the aim of RYANIR cabin crew interpersonal make contact with where there is a far above the ground level of honesty and acceptance of yourself and others. Working on improving communications with RYANIR is a broad-brush activity. RYANIR have to change their thoughts, these feelings, and RYANIR physical connections. That way, RYANIR can break downward the barriers that get in this way and start construction relationships that really work. Differing emotional states RYANIR have two system message example exclusive and normal systems. Every message contains both a content connotation, which deals in the company of the subject matter of the message, and a bond import, which suggests the nature of the interaction sandwiched between sender and receiver. Communication can break down when the recipient reacts negatively to either of these meanings. RYANIR may have to contract with people when they are offended. An sadden human being tends to do not take into account or distort what the other person is saw and is often powerless to in attendance feelings and ideas in tip of fact. Poor listening People are for all intents and purposes likely to drift off when they are strained to listen to in sequence that is difficult to be aware of or that has little direct air on their own lives. To boot few of us just do not pay attention fine. Differing backgrounds Differences in background can be one of the hardest statement barriers to rise on top of. Age, instruction, sex, public status, trade and industry position, cultural set, nature, physical condition, good looks, fame, religious conviction, taking sides belief, even a passing mood can all break up one human being from an additional and make kind easier said than done. To triumph over the barriers linked with opposed backgrounds, avoid visionary your own milieu or mores on top of others. Shed radiance on your own and be aware of the background of others, spheres of data, personalities and perceptions and dont take for granted that certain behaviors mean the same thing to all and sundry. Task-4 The most famous distinction of labour flexibility is given by Atkinson. Based on the strategies companies use, he notes that there can be four types of plasticity. Functional flexibility RYANIR has to do in the midst of organization of function or management and training workers. The ability to reassign employees to poles apart everyday jobs within the organization, either in response to short-term production flows or long-term adjustment to technological adjust, has impotent effects on managerial mixing. RYANIR employees cannot transfer to special activities and task surrounded by the firm. The low functional flexibility nations (U.S.A, U.K, and Singapore) and the high functional flexibility nations (Sweden, Germany, Japan) reach those varying result through basically different HRMS policies. It has to do with organization of act or management and division workers. This can be achieved by outsourcing activities. External numerical flexibility RYANIR external numerical flexibility is refers to the change of the labour intake, or the add up to of human resources forms the external market. As a result is reduction international competitiveness and for that reason, employment levels. High workers competence levels tend to drive a low ENF line of attack in order to protect nest egg in training, as in Germany and Japan. High functional flexibility means that firms have the ability to reallocate workers within and without the organization as a viable option to layoffs. This can be achieved by employing human resources on short-term work or fixed-term contracts or through comfortable hiring and the boot regulations or in other words recreation according to the firms wants. Internal numerical flexibility Internal numerical flexibility, RYANIR know sometimes as work time flexibility or lay flexibility. This flexibility is achieved by adjusting operational hours or schedules of human resources by now employed within the firm. RYANIR a number of rewards and staffing policies come into sight to affect the ability of firms from corner to corner nations to adjust working hours and the total number of hours on hand over the work year, the availability of overtime, particularly, the distance end to end of the schedule work week, the ability to trim down work weeks, and the amount of paid time. Financial or wage flexibility The model of RYANAIR cabin crew incorporates the verity that individuals may have large flexibility in not to be trusted their work effort. RYANAIR wage level is not decided as a group and in attendance are more differences between the wages of human resources. The labor effort is an optimal financial investment strategy at each point in RYANAIR life cycle. This is made so that pay and other employment price tag reflect the make available and insist of labour. This can be achieved as a result of rate-for-the-job organism, or evaluation based pay system, or human being performance wages. This can also cover up workers who are relocated to extra offices within the firm. Task-5 A defining and classifying come within reach of such as those of by means of Rodgers seven headings- offer a way of not compulsory the selection criterion. It seems cogent and an open auditable come within reach of as well. It would make available records needed if an important person was to inspect the justice and application how well the route of recruitment and choice has been conduct so the come up to may satisfy a quality audit. Given bellow the Rodger seven point plan. Physical make-up Health: A cabin crew must a good health. He should not attend on job with any kind of sickness. Physique: A cabin crew should have a good body structure. He cannot be so fat or so slim. Appearance: Cabin crew must keep up their time schedule properly. They are supposed to attend at RYANAIRS office at fixed time. Bearing: Every passengers of an airbus want a polite person to serve up them. So a cabin crew of RYANAIR must have a good behavior with everyone. Attainment Education: A cabin crew must complete minimum higher secondary level or A level. If considered necessary the qualification may add to. Training: To give a better service to the passengers a cabin crew must have to take training as it should be. It is so tuff to offer good services without training for cabin crew. Experience: experience may necessary for a better service for the passengers. One or two years experience possibly will enough for a cabin crew. Achievements: Goodwill is the best achievements for a cabin crew before take on a cabin crew we should be acquainted with about his achievement in all sec Intelligence Cognitive ability: A cabin crew must cognitive ability. Learning capacity: All cabins should have learning capacity. Because he has not learning capacity then he cannot grab hold of additional topics. Analytical ability: A cabin crew relevant analytics capabilities are often interwoven into applications for sales, marketing, and service. Special aptitudes If a person has a good knowledge on construction, equipment, dexterity, mathematical, IT ability they should recruit. Interests To be a good cabin crew a person must have to be active and social. If he an intellectual and practical people he should get the priority to get the chance to serve the passenger of RYANAIR. Disposition A cabin crew must enough maturity and personality to be good and good service for passenger. Circumstances A cabin crew must physical and mentally fit and all set to go to anywhere of the world withRYANAIR. Task-6 Lack of job security Some of the people do job of the RYANIR a small number of jobs or yet one job in their life. If so, and theyre not effective for the rule, theyre likely to be older than 50, having adult up at a time where company devotion and hard employment provided a steady vocation and a at ease pension. They might have spent 20 or 30 years with the same company, never making the break to search for a little better, and on no account having a reason to fear layoffs. Its important to realize that not everyone react the same way to job lack of confidence. Economics provides the main reason at the back migration. Functional turnover RYANAIR employee turnover is well thought-out by many business leaders to be a simple matter of keeping the information down. Determine relationships of turnover with the employee and the agency. Push factors RYANAIR push factor come in a lot of forms. Sometimes these factors go away natives with no pick but to go away their country of starting point. RYANAIR Other push factors include ancient conditions, poor health check care, normal disasters, political fear and as well as slavery. Natural disasters and ecological evils over and over again cause the loss of money, homes, and jobs. RYANIAR instead go to the United States, where their skills and their lower wage demands are sought after by high-teach companies. Environmental problems and likely disasters often cause the defeat of money, homes, and jobs. Pull factors RYANAIR Pull factors generally make a decision where these travelers end up. People sad to more develop countries will over and over again find that the same work they be doing at home is content out of the country with higher take-home pay. RYANAIR find a greater security net of welfare benefits be supposed to they be unable to work. RYANAIR pull factor given bellow three examples: Higher standards of living/Higher wages, Labor Demand, and Political and Religious Freedom. People stirring to more urban countries will over and over again find that the alike work they were doing at home is content abroad with higher wages. Other pull factors include more medical care or education, family links or simply a personal fondness of a certain place, whether it may be linked to mores, verbal communication, weather situation or other influencing factors.

Sir Thomas More Essay example -- essays research papers

Thomas More In life, belief can be a very powerful thing, powerful enough to affect major choices. Believing is having faith in an idea, person, thing or religion. In Robert Bolt's A Man for All Seasons, Sir Thomas More made many important choices the were affected by a belief in the religious theory that the Pope is the "Vicar of God" (the descendant of St. Peter, and our only link to Christ.) Throughout Mores entire life he chose to be loyal this belief, even thought it cost him his life in 1535. More chose to go against the King's divorce of Catherine, and marry of Anne. He chose to not sign to oath for the act of Succession, and towards the end of the play More was put to the ultimate test in faith, choose to go against his belief or be executed. Sir Thomas More chose always to be against the King divorce to Catherine of Aragon. He shows this when Cardinal Woolsey summons him to attend a matter concerning the "Kings business". In their meeting the topic of the Kings re-marriage is what the Cardinal wanted to talk to More about, When Woolsey says "...that thing out there is at least fertile, Thomas". More shows that he is against the divorce by saying "But she's not his wife". More again shows his beliefs that a dispensation was given so that Henry could marry Catherine and Thomas knows that the Pope will not give a dispensation on a dispensation. More believes that the Pope should make the decision about the divorce. And More ...

Production Strategy Essay

The total number of time spent for machining and welding during the manufacture of one BodyPlus100 (includes the machining and welding hours mentioned in Frame Unit, Press Station and Pec-dec Station) are eight (8) hours. The total number of hours spent for Painting and finishing in the entire process (includes the machining and welding hours mentioned in Frame Unit, Press Station, and Pec-dec Station) is five (5) hours. The total number of hours spent for Assembling, testing and packaging for the manufacture of one BodyPlus100 machine is two (2) hours. BodyPlus200 The total number of time spent on machining and welding in the entire process (includes the machining and welding hours mentioned in Frame Unit, Press Station, Pec-dec Station and Leg Press Station) during the manufacture of one BodyPlus200 machine is twelve (12) hours. The total number of hours spent for Painting and finishing in the entire process (includes the machining and welding hours mentioned in Frame Unit, Press Station, Pec-dec Station and Leg Press Station) is ten (10) hours. The total number of hours spent for Assembling, testing and packaging for the manufacture of one BodyPlus100 machine is two (2) hours. Calculations: The total number of working hours assigned for machining and welding processes is 600 hours. The total number of working hours assigned for painting and finishing processes is 440 hours. The total number of working hours assigned for Assembling, Testing and Packaging is 140 hours. To find out the total number of machines that can be made can be found out in the following math. As either of the machines (BodyPlus100 and BodyPlus200) requires two (2) hours of assembling, testing and packaging time. Total number of machines to be produced:    Now let the total number of BodyPlus100 machines manufactures be denoted by the variable ‘X’ and the total number of BodyPlus200 machines manufactured be denoted by the variable ‘Y’. Therefore, the total time required for Assembling, testing and Packaging is 2 hours. That implies,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2X + 2Y =140 Then X+Y=70. There we get the total number of possible machines that can be made are seventy in number. As the recommended number of BodyPlus200 machines that have to be produced must be at least 25% of the total number of machines produced. Then ‘Y’ takes a value of 25% of the total number of possible machines i.e. seventy (70). Therefore, 17 fills in the best value of at least 25% of total number of machines produced when the count of total number of machines produced are sixty five (65). Taking the number of BodyPlus100 machines and BodyPlus200 machines manufactured to be 49 and 16 in numbers respectively. Then the calculation follows as: Time required for machining and welding: 1) BodyPlus100: In the Frame unit, it takes four (4) hours of machining and welding time. In the Press Station, it takes two (2) hours of machining and welding time. In the Pec-dec Station, it takes two (2) hours of machining and welding time. The total number of machining and welding time taken in the manufacture of one BodyPlus100 machine is eight (8) hours. Therefore, the total time taken for machining and welding processes during the manufacture of 49 BodyPlus100 is 49*8 = 392 hours. 2) BodyPlus200: In the Frame unit, it takes five (5) hours of machining and welding time. In the Press Station, it takes three (3) hours of machining and welding time. In the Pec-dec Station, it takes two (2) hours of machining and welding time. In the Leg Press Station, it takes two (2) hours of machining and welding time. The total number of machining and welding time taken in the manufacture of one BodyPlus200 machine is twelve (12) hours. Therefore, the total time taken for machining and welding processes during the manufacture of 17 BodyPlus200 is 17*12 = 204 hours. Therefore, the total number of hours spent for the entire manufacture processes is equal to 392 + 204 = 596 hours Hence, we lost 4 hours of unused machining and welding time.    Time required for Painting and finishing: 1) BodyPlus100: In the Frame unit, it takes two (2) hours of painting and finishing time. In the Press Station, it takes one (1) hours of painting and finishing time. In the Pec-dec Station, it takes two (2) hours of painting and finishing time. The total number of painting and finishing time taken in the manufacture of one BodyPlus100 machine is five (5) hours. Therefore, the total time taken for painting and finishing processes during the manufacture of 49 BodyPlus100 is 49*5 = 245 hours. 2) BodyPlus200: In the Frame unit, it takes four (4) hours of painting and finishing time. In the Press Station, it takes two (2) hours of painting and finishing time. In the Pec-dec Station, it takes two (2) hours of painting and finishing time. In the Leg Press Station, it takes two (2) hours of painting and finishing time. The total number of painting and finishing time taken in the manufacture of one BodyPlus200 machine is ten (10) hours. Therefore, the total time taken for machining and welding processes during the manufacture of 17 BodyPlus200 is 17*10 = 170 hours. Therefore, the total number of hours spent for the entire manufacture processes is equal to 245 + 170 = 415 hours. Where the total number hours assigned for painting and finishing is 450 hours. Hence, we lost 35 hours of unused painting and finishing time. Time required for Assembling, Testing and Packaging: 1) BodyPlus100: The manufacturing of one BodyPlus100 machine takes two (2) hours of assembling, testing and packaging time. Therefore, the total number of hours spent in assembling, testing and packaging during the manufacture of 49 machines is 49*2= 98hours. 1) BodyPlus200: The manufacturing of one BodyPlus200 machine takes two (2) hours of assembling, testing and packaging time. Therefore, the total number of hours spent in assembling, testing and packaging during the manufacture of 17 machines is 17*2= 34hours. In total, the total number of hours spent during the entire process is 98 + 34 = 132 hours. As the assigned number of assembling, testing and packaging time is 140 hours. So, eight (8) hours of the assembling, testing and packaging time is unused. Total Cost for producing the machines: 1) BodyPlus100: The BodyPlus100 machine consists of four (4) units. Frame unit: Where the raw material cost for each BodyPlus100 unit is $450 in this Frame Unit. Press Station: Here the raw material costs for each BodyPlus100 unit is $300 in this Press Station. Pec-dec Station: Here the raw material cost for each BodyPlus100 unit is $250 in this Pec-dec Station. Packaging: Here the estimated cost for each BodyPlus100 unit is $50 for packaging. 2) BodyPlus200: The BodyPlus200 machine consists of five (5) units. a) Frame unit: Where the raw material cost for each BodyPlus200 unit is $650 in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  this Frame Unit. b) Press Station: Here the raw material costs for each BodyPlus200 unit is $400 in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   this Press Station. c)   Pec-dec Station: Here the raw material cost for each BodyPlus200 unit is $250 in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   this Pec-dec Station. Leg Press Station: Here the raw material cost for each BodyPlus100 unit is $200   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   in this Leg Press Station. Packaging: Here the estimated cost for each BodyPlus200 unit is $75 for   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   packaging. Labor Costs during the manufacture Process: Machining and welding: Given that the labor costs are $20 per hour for machining and welding time.    Now the total number of hours spent for machining and welding in manufacturing one BodyPlus100 and one BodyPlus200 are eight (8) and twelve (12) respectively.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Therefore, the labor costs for machining and welding estimated for manufacturing one BodyPlus100 to be 8*20 = $160.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   And, the labor costs for machining and welding estimated for manufacturing one BodyPlus200 to be 12*20 = $240. Painting and finishing: Given that the labor costs are $15 per hour for painting and finishing time. Now the total number of hours spent for painting and finishing in manufacturing one BodyPlus100 and one BodyPlus200 are five (5) and ten (10) respectively.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Therefore, the labor costs for painting and finishing estimated for manufacturing one BodyPlus100 to be 5*15 = $75.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   And, the labor costs for painting and finishing estimated for manufacturing one BodyPlus200 to be 10*15 = $150. Assembly, Testing and Packaging: Given that the labor costs are $12 per hour for assembly, testing, and packaging time. Now the total number of hours spent for assembling, testing and packaging in manufacturing one BodyPlus100 and one BodyPlus200 are two hours each.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Therefore, the labor costs for painting and finishing estimated for manufacturing one BodyPlus100 to be 2*12 = $24.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   And, the labor costs for painting and finishing estimated for manufacturing one BodyPlus200 to be 2*12 = $24. Hence the total labor costs in manufacturing 49 BodyPlus100 are 49*($160+$75+$24) = 49*($259)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   = $12691   Also, the total labor costs in manufacturing 17 BodyPlus200   are 17*($240+$150+$24) =17*($419)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   = $7123 Gross expenditure in the production of one unit of:    BodyPlus100: The total cost made in the manufacture of one BodyPlus100 machine (includes raw costs and labor costs)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   $450+$110+$300+$55+$250+$70+$50+$24 = $1309. BodyPlus200: The total cost made in the manufacture of one BodyPlus200   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   machine (includes raw costs and labor costs)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   $650+$160+$400+$75+$250+$70+$200+$70+$75+$24 = $1974. Profit Calculations: The retail price of one BodyPlus100 machine is $2400. The retail price of one BodyPlus200 machine is $3500. An authorized dealer will purchase at only 70% of the suggested retail price. Hence, a sale of one BodyPlus100 will produce 70% of $2400 = $1680 And a sale of one BodyPlus200 will produce 70% of $3500 = $2450. Admittedly, the net profit that is made in the sale of one BodyPlus100 machine is ($1680 – $1309) = $371. Whereas the net profit that is made in the sale of one BodyPlus200 machine is ($2450 – $1974) = $476. Here the net profit made on manufacturing one BodyPlus200 machine ($476) is larger in number than the profit that is made on manufacturing one BodyPlus100 machine ($371). But if we calculate the net profit that is made per hour work will entirely change the opinion onto BodyPlus100 machine. As, we get a profit of $476 after working 24 hours in manufacturing BodyPlus200 machine. This means the net profit made per hour on manufacturing one BodyPlus200 is only   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   $476/24 = $19.83 Whereas, the net profit made on manufacturing one BodyPlus100 machine is $371 after working for 15 hours. Therefore, profit made per hour is   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   $371/15 = $24.73 Conclusion: So, referring to the above profit math increasing the production percent (i.e. >75%) in the total production will gradually increase the profits of the company. Solutions Plus      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Table2.1       No. of gallons required Freight Charges No of gallons supplied from Total charges for shipping       Cincinnati Oakland Cincinnati Oakland Cincinnati Oakland Santa Ana 22,418 —– 0.22 —– 22,418 —– 4,931.96 El Paso 6,800 0.84 0.74 —– 6,800 —– 5,032 Pendleton 80,290 0.83 0.49 30,290 50,000 25,140.7 24,500 Houston 100,477 0.45 —– 50,447 50,000 22,701.15 —– Kansas city 241,570 0.36 —– 191,570 50,000 68,965.2 —– Los Angeles 64,761 —— 0.22 14,761 50,000 —— 11,000 Glendale 33,689 —— 0.22 —— 33,689 —— 7,411.58 Jacksonville 68,486 0.34 —— 18,486 50,000 6,285.24 —— Little Rock 148,586 0.34 —— 98,586 50,000 33,519.24 —— Bridgeport 111,475 0.34 —— 51,475 50,000 17,501.5 —— Sacramento 112,000 —— 0.15 62,000 50,000 —— 7,500 Total 990,522 Grand Total 517,615 462,907       Here we can see that the total numbers of gallons that are delivered from Cincinnati are more than 500,000 gallons. So we are short of 17,615 gallons of the locomotives cleaning agent that has to be delivered from Cincinnati. To satisfy the requirement of the majority of the dealers in the remaining locations, and considering the profits, all the 17,615 gallons of the cleaning agent is reduced from the Pendleton deal.   Ã‚                                         Table2.2    No. of gallons required Production cost for the total number of gallons Total charges for shipping Total expenditure from    Cincinnati ($1.20/gallon) Oakland ($1.65/gallon) Cincinnati Oakland Cincinnati Oakland Santa Ana 22,418 —– $36,989.70 —– $4,931.96 —– $41,921.66 El Paso 6,800 —– $11,220.00 —– $5,032.00 —– $16,252.00 Pendleton 62,675 $15,210.00 $82,500.00 $10,520.25 $24,500.00 $25,730.25 $107,000.00 Houston 100,477 $60,536.40 $82,500.00 $22,701.15 —– $83,237.55 $82,500.00 Kansas city 241,570 $229,884.00 $82,500.00 $68,965.20 —– $298,849.20 $82,500.00 Los Angeles 64,761 $17,713.20 $82,500.00 —— $11,000.00 $17,713.20 $93,500.00 Glendale 33,689 —— $55,586.85 —— $7,411.58 —— $62,998.43 Jacksonville 68,486 $22,183.20 $82,500.00 $6,285.24 —— $28,468.44 $82,500.00 Little Rock 148,586 $118,303.20 $82,500.00 $33,519.24 —— $151,822.44 $82,500.00 Bridgeport 111,475 $61,770.00 $82,500.00 $17,501.50 —— $79,271.50 $82,500.00 Sacramento 112,000 $74,400.00 $82,500.00 —— $7,500.00 $74,400.00 $90,000.00    After reducing the supply to the Pendleton concerning larger profits, the total no. of gallons of cleaning agent sent to the Pendleton will be 17,615 less than that stated in Table-2.1   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Table-2.3    No. of gallons required No. of gallons supplied Total Expenditure (in $) Total Income from each location (15% more than the actual cost) Santa Ana 22,418 22,418 $41,921.66 $48,209.91 El Paso 6,800 6,800 $16,252.00 $18,689.80 Pendleton*** 80,290 62,675 $132,730.25 $152,639.79 Houston 100,477 100,477 $165,737.55 $190,598.18 Kansas city 241,570 241,570 $381,349.20 $438,551.58 Los Angeles 64,761 64,761 $111,213.20 $127,895.18 Glendale 33,689 33,689 $62,998.43 $72,448.20 Jacksonville 68,486 68,486 $110,968.44 $127,613.71 Little Rock 148,586 148,586 $234,322.44 $269,470.81 Bridgeport 111,475 111,475 $161,771.50 $186,037.23 Sacramento 112,000 112,000 $164,400.00 $189,060.00 TOTAL 990,552 972,937 $1,583,464.67 $1,821,214.39 *** indicates the locations that are short of the locomotive cleaning agent than they require by any amount. Conclusion: Hence the net profit made for one year is $237,749.72 and if the bid is made for one year the total amount has to be $1,821,214.39 but given that the bid has to be made for two years. Then the bid price would be $3,642,428.78 And the profit expected in two years (taken the oil prices are fixed) is $475,499.44 If the oil price is hiked by 15% then also profit is expected for the Solution Plus Company as there are few locations which are supplied with the cleaning agents without any shipping charges. So only a marginal amount of profit can be made in two years even after placing the bid.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If the price of oil is slashed by any margin, then there will be more profits for the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Company after one year.

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

He himself also suffers from OPTS, and has chapters about his thoughts, feelings, and family intervention when he was writing his memoir. â€Å"Speaking of Courage,† tells the story of another member of Tim O'Brien platoon, Norman Booker, following his return to his hometown In Iowa. Booker feels responsible for the death of Kiowa, who literally drowned In human excrement during a firefight when the platoon was encamped in what turned out to be a field of sewage. Frozen in panic, Booker could not bring himself to move and pull the wounded Kiowa out of the stinking sewage.Now, back in Iowa, he simply drives In circles around town, feeling aimless and out of place. ‘How to Tell a True War Story Is a collection of small stones Interspersed with instructions about â€Å"true† war stories. The narrator tells the story of his friend Rat Killed, who writes a letter to the sister of his buddy who had been killed a week earlier. It is a long, heartfelt letter. He waits for two months for a reply to the letter, but the sister never writes back. The story then shifts to commentary. A true war story Is never moral† (O'Brien 65) the narrator Instructs. These two stories contain read examples of different symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, in a way that can further explain them to the reader. The Vietnam War was fought by an ideology against an Ideology, and ultimately solved very little while hurting so many. OPTS is a mental Illness that Is cause by a traumatic event that has happened In ones life and can be easily triggered by a daily activity. Pony close evaluation, Tim O'Brien collection, The Things They Carried, explores the effects of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in relation to Vietnam, since characters possess prone to angry outburst, elapse, and suicidal tendencies. The tragic events that are witnessed during the war in â€Å"How to Tell a True War Story' can cause immediate cases of anger outbursts. Anger is said to be a cover for other emotions such as fear or hurt, and can also be a way of pushing people away in order to protect oneself. However, tendencies for sudden outbursts of anger are Like a manifestation of hyper-vigilance and fear of loss of control.In â€Å"How to Tell a True War Story,† Rat Killed looses his best friend, Curt Lemon, after being blown up while playing a game of catch. This has caused some sadness and anger to build up inside him. Later that day, the troops come across a baby buffalo that the end up bringing with them to s deserted village. After the failed attempt of Rat trying to feed the baby buffalo, â€Å"he stepped back and shot it through the right front knee. It went down hard, 1 OFF to hurt†¦ There wasn't a great deal of pity for the baby water buffalo. Curt Lemon was dead† (O'Brien 75).In the article â€Å"Anger, Hostility, and OPTS,† written by Roth and Wielded, they say that â€Å"as a consequence, hostility causes an increase frequency of anger and aggression. Thus, anger and hostility may reciprocally activate each other and motivate the individual to aggressive behavior against others†(699). Rat Killed tortures a baby water buffalo because he cannot sit with his emotions about Curt Lemon's death. Skills method of abuse to this animal was very strategic due to the way he stepped back; shot the buffalo in the ear and then the right knee.The shots were not random, but were very specific and thought through. What O'Brien meant by not wanting to kill the animal, but to hurt it, was that the pain that Killed was leaning he wanted to see someone else feel it to. Rotor's thought of reciprocal activity is shown through Skills obsession of seeing this living thing suffer, Just as he was suffering from the loss of his dear friend. Skills angry outburst was Just the start of his OPTS that was caused from this traumatic event that he had witnessed, since anger can motivate to lash out with aggressive behavior.While one ca n reduce the severe-news of OPTS, there's always a possibility for a relapse, which is the case for Norman Booker in â€Å"Speaking of Courage. † In the case of OPTS, relapse is the worsening of symptoms or the recurrence of unhealthy behaviors. As a way of marking time, Norman Booker repeatedly drives a loop around the local lake remembering old girlfriends, hoping one day to track down high-school buddies who have moved to Des Monies or Sioux, and how he would explain Kiosk's death in the field.When Booker was in â€Å"high school, at night, he had driven around and around it with Sally Kramer†¦ Or other times with friends, talking about urgent matters†¦ Then, there had not been war†(O'Brien 132). Booker came home to find hat Sally was married, his friends were gone, and his father was at home watching TV. He made it seem like it wasn't a problem, but that was when he went â€Å"he took [his dad's] Chevy on another seven-mile turn around the lake (O'Brien 133). According to John H.Attainment, author of Twentieth Century Literature, Norman Bookers' â€Å"aimless circling works then to demonstrate his inability to settle back into the routine of the world and exemplifies the psychological distance between his former and present selves† (108). O'Brien shows Booker's relapse by circling the lake before ND after the war, as the relapse is encapsulated by his trip around the lake back in high school with Sally and doing it again after the war, with out her this time.Booker aimlessly circling the lake shows that he is unable to break free from its pull, since lake triggers a relapse by his inability to settle back into civilization. Booker portrays Attainment's psychological distancing when he talks about the time before the war. So, the fact that Norman Booker circles the same lake as he did before the war, and constantly is thinking about what he has lost from being at war, shows that Booker is experiencing a relapse as a side effe ct of his OPTS. Thoughts of suicide are a major symptom of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and are explored in the short story â€Å"Speaking of Courage†.War Veterans experience so much when in combat that their lives can hardly ever be normal and having to adjust to being back home can be a struggle. Booker had two friend, Max and Kiowa, both who which drowned in lakes, which had a major impact on Booker. Norman Booker a time he got out, walked down to the beach, and waded into the lake without undressing. The water felt warm against his skin. He put his head under. He opened his lips, very slightly, for the taste, then he stood up and folded his arms and watch the 148).In an interview with Tim O'Brien, he mentions that this story â€Å"came from a letter [he] received from a guy name Norman Booker, a real guy, who committed suicide after [he] received his letter. He was talking to [O'Brien] in his letter about how he Just couldn't adjust to coming home. It wasn't bad memori es; it was that he couldn't talk to any about it (Unapparent 7). That was when O'Brien followed that story with the essay â€Å"Notes,† to inform that â€Å"three years later hanged myself in the locker room of a YMCA in his hometown of Iowa† (O'Brien 149).In â€Å"Speaking of Courage†, Booker didn't go into the lake to watch the fireworks; instead it was a mere thought of suicide, indicated by how Norman was fully dressed, submerging his entire body under water, and opening his mouth. Folding of his arms may hint that Booker is content with ending his life the way his buddies did. O'Brien point on Booker not being able to adjust to coming home, and attempt of suicide could have been a foreshadow of his actual suicide that happen a few years later.Booker was suffering many symptoms of OPTS, but it is evident that his suicidal thoughts had taken what was left of him, as it does to many war veterans. Angry outbursts, relapse, and suicidal thoughts are only a few o f the Post- Traumatic Stress Disorder symptoms that are discussed through out Tim O'Brien The Things They Carried, but they are not the only ones that these characters possess. Norman Booker and Rat Killed are two characters that suffer from OPTS. Booker experiences relapse and suicidal thoughts as his symptoms; where as, Killed suffers from angry outburst.O'Brien is a credible source for authenticating what fines a true story due to the fact he was part of the Vietnam war and he also suffers from OPTS. From the research gathered about OPTS symptoms, it is clear over the struggles that some go through dealing with this disorder. OPTS is a fracture' in your experience of life, caused by a traumatic event. You and no one else cause this fracture in your mind because it is response for attempting to cope with what happened. But unfortunately, it's an ill-informed response. So the next time a song is on repeat in your mind, Just imagine it's a repeat of your most horrific memories. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is a very serious psychological disorder many ordinary people can develop. It causes large scale depression and can severely damage relationships and lives. Its main causes are from a person experiencing or witnessing an event involving death or serious injury. A person’s response to the trauma usually involves fear, helplessness or horror. In children evidence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) can be exhibited in disorganized or agitated behaviors.One of the most common side effects of PTSD in adults is the recurring thoughts, images and perceptions about the specific trauma they endured. Consistent, frightening dreams of the event are also signs of developing PTSD. For children, they may also experience frightening dreams but with unrecognizable content they might not understand too well. Adults can also exhibit signs by acting as if they were reliving the events over and over again. Another sign of PTSD is the avoidance of thoughts, feelings and conversations with others about what happened, and the restricted range of affections and emotions exhibited by the individual.Many people feel like they are unable to have loving feelings and can have a sense of a foreshortened future where they can’t picture themselves having a career, marriage, children or even a normal life span. In most cases, the symptoms of PTSD begin to surface around 3 months after the specific event, but can be seen or experienced earlier as well. The symptoms generally tend to stay around for not too long of a time but for some people it can become chronic and never go away for as long as they live. Victims can begin to feel detached from society and estranged by their peers and others, as if they were all alone with no one there for them.Victims can also have difficulties concentrating, become hyper vigilant, which means a person has an increased state of anxiety and is constantly scanning their surrounding s for threats, and exaggerated startled responses which is a side effect of all the anxiety they’re putting their minds through. Along with high states of anxiety, difficulty sleeping, extreme irritability, outbursts of anger for non-important reasons and severe depression are seen in many PTSD patients. Symptoms have been known to be worse when the trauma experienced is from intentional human actions rather than something like a natural disaster.Also, when something involves mass casualties like war, someone who survives can experience something known as survivor’s guilt where they feel guilty for getting through it meanwhile they lost loved ones and friends. The most vivid, disturbing way to experience PTSD is through a flashback. A flashback is when a person has recurring images flash before him when looking at normal things and cause the victim to be transported back to where the trauma took place and even begin to make the person feel, see, and smell the things he might’ve on that day or time period.This is especially common with war veterans like Vietnam War veterans. Vietnam War veterans can and have been known to be upset by war movies, hot humid weather, and even Asian cooking as it brings them back to the times when they were overseas and where they lost a lot of friends. PTSD has always been closely tied to the history of human warfare, not just the Vietnam War. PTSD is also known to soldiers and veterans as soldier’s heart, combat neurosis, and battle fatigue, meaning a soldier can lose their will to live and fight and just want to give up.Combat veterans who have witnessed or committed violent acts are more likely to develop PTSD. The men who liberated the Nazi war camps in the 1940’s could have been Severely distressed by the things they saw were being done to people. And through to today in the prisons the United States has where they keep war criminals and suspected terrorists like Abu Ghraib. Soldiers who wer e stationed there had seen some horrific things done to people, and those images could stick with them for a very long time.However, it was not until after the Vietnam War that PTSD became a well-known and serious mental health condition and captured the interest of doctors and psychiatrists. A study done on Vietnam War veterans showed that at least 1. 7 million veterans had experienced a serious case of PTSD when their tour was over or after the war. The attention received by the Vietnam War veterans also helped shed a light onto victims of other wars and events and allowed the still living Holocaust survivors to seek help if they wished.Another study showed that 55% of women were victims of a violent crime and that one in four of these women suffered from PTSD. It can affect everyone for an unlimited amount of reason ranging from natural disasters like a hurricane or earthquake to something more recent like the terrorist attack of September 11, 2001. Many civilians who escaped New York City that day saw and experienced some of the worst things imaginable, and one of the largest groups of people who suffered from that event was the members of the FDNY, NYPD, and PAPD.With the FDNY losing 343 firemen, the NYPD losing 23 police officers and the PAPD losing 7 officers, the first responders to the World Trade Center suffered heavy casualties. A lot of people lost fellow brothers and sisters going into the buildings attempting to save innocent civilians and lost their lives. A horrific event like 9/11 affects a larger amount of people and hits them harder than other things due to the severity, lives lost, and pointlessness of the attack. People who already may have underlying or prior mental health problems are more likely to develop PTSD.Genetics also play a role in making some people susceptible to PTSD and two people who are experiencing the same trauma can have two different outcomes. One person might be able to get through it and the other might be completely mentally exhausted and suffer the worst of the symptoms. People may not even know they have PTSD until the death of a close friend or relative or a divorce or something life changing brings them to an emotional low and can make them recall what they may have gone through.PTSD is a serious mental condition that affects more people than anyone might know. Some people are good at hiding feelings while others are not. Sadly some sufferers resort to using heavy quantities of alcohol and tranquilizers to numb their pain and make them able to cope with the disturbing recollections, nightmares and sleep problems and sadly many end up dependent on the drugs they’re using. PTSD can also lead to suicide if the victim experiences sever amounts of survivor’s guilt or feels as if they can’t take it anymore. Works Cited: . Vrana, Scott. â€Å"Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. † Salem Health Psychology & Mental Health. First edition. Editor: Nancy Piotrowski. Volume 4 Pas adena, CA: Salem Press, 2010. Print. 2. Miller, Allen, â€Å"Living With Anxiety Disorders† New York, Facts on File, 2008. Print 3. Jan Fawcett, â€Å"Post Traumatic Stress Disorder† The Encyclopedia of Mental Health Ada Kahn. First Edition. Volume 1 New York. Facts on File. 1993. Print. 4. nymag. com/news/articles/wtc/1year/numbers, New York Magazine, 11 September 2011. Web. 20 November 2011 Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is a very serious psychological disorder many ordinary people can develop. It causes large scale depression and can severely damage relationships and lives. Its main causes are from a person experiencing or witnessing an event involving death or serious injury. A person’s response to the trauma usually involves fear, helplessness or horror. In children evidence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) can be exhibited in disorganized or agitated behaviors.One of the most common side effects of PTSD in adults is the recurring thoughts, images and perceptions about the specific trauma they endured. Consistent, frightening dreams of the event are also signs of developing PTSD. For children, they may also experience frightening dreams but with unrecognizable content they might not understand too well. Adults can also exhibit signs by acting as if they were reliving the events over and over again. Another sign of PTSD is the avoidance of thoughts, feelings and conversations with others about what happened, and the restricted range of affections and emotions exhibited by the individual.Many people feel like they are unable to have loving feelings and can have a sense of a foreshortened future where they can’t picture themselves having a career, marriage, children or even a normal life span. In most cases, the symptoms of PTSD begin to surface around 3 months after the specific event, but can be seen or experienced earlier as well. The symptoms generally tend to stay around for not too long of a time but for some people it can become chronic and never go away for as long as they live. Victims can begin to feel detached from society and estranged by their peers and others, as if they were all alone with no one there for them.Victims can also have difficulties concentrating, become hyper vigilant, which means a person has an increased state of anxiety and is constantly scanning their surrounding s for threats, and exaggerated startled responses which is a side effect of all the anxiety they’re putting their minds through. Along with high states of anxiety, difficulty sleeping, extreme irritability, outbursts of anger for non-important reasons and severe depression are seen in many PTSD patients. Symptoms have been known to be worse when the trauma experienced is from intentional human actions rather than something like a natural disaster.Also, when something involves mass casualties like war, someone who survives can experience something known as survivor’s guilt where they feel guilty for getting through it meanwhile they lost loved ones and friends. The most vivid, disturbing way to experience PTSD is through a flashback. A flashback is when a person has recurring images flash before him when looking at normal things and cause the victim to be transported back to where the trauma took place and even begin to make the person feel, see, and smell the things he might’ve on that day or time period.This is especially common with war veterans like Vietnam War veterans. Vietnam War veterans can and have been known to be upset by war movies, hot humid weather, and even Asian cooking as it brings them back to the times when they were overseas and where they lost a lot of friends. PTSD has always been closely tied to the history of human warfare, not just the Vietnam War. PTSD is also known to soldiers and veterans as soldier’s heart, combat neurosis, and battle fatigue, meaning a soldier can lose their will to live and fight and just want to give up.Combat veterans who have witnessed or committed violent acts are more likely to develop PTSD. The men who liberated the Nazi war camps in the 1940’s could have been Severely distressed by the things they saw were being done to people. And through to today in the prisons the United States has where they keep war criminals and suspected terrorists like Abu Ghraib. Soldiers who wer e stationed there had seen some horrific things done to people, and those images could stick with them for a very long time.However, it was not until after the Vietnam War that PTSD became a well-known and serious mental health condition and captured the interest of doctors and psychiatrists. A study done on Vietnam War veterans showed that at least 1. 7 million veterans had experienced a serious case of PTSD when their tour was over or after the war. The attention received by the Vietnam War veterans also helped shed a light onto victims of other wars and events and allowed the still living Holocaust survivors to seek help if they wished.Another study showed that 55% of women were victims of a violent crime and that one in four of these women suffered from PTSD. It can affect everyone for an unlimited amount of reason ranging from natural disasters like a hurricane or earthquake to something more recent like the terrorist attack of September 11, 2001. Many civilians who escaped New York City that day saw and experienced some of the worst things imaginable, and one of the largest groups of people who suffered from that event was the members of the FDNY, NYPD, and PAPD.With the FDNY losing 343 firemen, the NYPD losing 23 police officers and the PAPD losing 7 officers, the first responders to the World Trade Center suffered heavy casualties. A lot of people lost fellow brothers and sisters going into the buildings attempting to save innocent civilians and lost their lives. A horrific event like 9/11 affects a larger amount of people and hits them harder than other things due to the severity, lives lost, and pointlessness of the attack. People who already may have underlying or prior mental health problems are more likely to develop PTSD.Genetics also play a role in making some people susceptible to PTSD and two people who are experiencing the same trauma can have two different outcomes. One person might be able to get through it and the other might be completely mentally exhausted and suffer the worst of the symptoms. People may not even know they have PTSD until the death of a close friend or relative or a divorce or something life changing brings them to an emotional low and can make them recall what they may have gone through.PTSD is a serious mental condition that affects more people than anyone might know. Some people are good at hiding feelings while others are not. Sadly some sufferers resort to using heavy quantities of alcohol and tranquilizers to numb their pain and make them able to cope with the disturbing recollections, nightmares and sleep problems and sadly many end up dependent on the drugs they’re using. PTSD can also lead to suicide if the victim experiences sever amounts of survivor’s guilt or feels as if they can’t take it anymore. Works Cited: . Vrana, Scott. â€Å"Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. † Salem Health Psychology & Mental Health. First edition. Editor: Nancy Piotrowski. Volume 4 Pas adena, CA: Salem Press, 2010. Print. 2. Miller, Allen, â€Å"Living With Anxiety Disorders† New York, Facts on File, 2008. Print 3. Jan Fawcett, â€Å"Post Traumatic Stress Disorder† The Encyclopedia of Mental Health Ada Kahn. First Edition. Volume 1 New York. Facts on File. 1993. Print. 4. nymag. com/news/articles/wtc/1year/numbers, New York Magazine, 11 September 2011. Web. 20 November 2011 Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is a very serious psychological disorder many ordinary people can develop. It causes large scale depression and can severely damage relationships and lives. Its main causes are from a person experiencing or witnessing an event involving death or serious injury. A person’s response to the trauma usually involves fear, helplessness or horror. In children evidence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) can be exhibited in disorganized or agitated behaviors.One of the most common side effects of PTSD in adults is the recurring thoughts, images and perceptions about the specific trauma they endured. Consistent, frightening dreams of the event are also signs of developing PTSD. For children, they may also experience frightening dreams but with unrecognizable content they might not understand too well. Adults can also exhibit signs by acting as if they were reliving the events over and over again. Another sign of PTSD is the avoidance of thoughts, feelings and conversations with others about what happened, and the restricted range of affections and emotions exhibited by the individual.Many people feel like they are unable to have loving feelings and can have a sense of a foreshortened future where they can’t picture themselves having a career, marriage, children or even a normal life span. In most cases, the symptoms of PTSD begin to surface around 3 months after the specific event, but can be seen or experienced earlier as well. The symptoms generally tend to stay around for not too long of a time but for some people it can become chronic and never go away for as long as they live. Victims can begin to feel detached from society and estranged by their peers and others, as if they were all alone with no one there for them.Victims can also have difficulties concentrating, become hyper vigilant, which means a person has an increased state of anxiety and is constantly scanning their surrounding s for threats, and exaggerated startled responses which is a side effect of all the anxiety they’re putting their minds through. Along with high states of anxiety, difficulty sleeping, extreme irritability, outbursts of anger for non-important reasons and severe depression are seen in many PTSD patients. Symptoms have been known to be worse when the trauma experienced is from intentional human actions rather than something like a natural disaster.Also, when something involves mass casualties like war, someone who survives can experience something known as survivor’s guilt where they feel guilty for getting through it meanwhile they lost loved ones and friends. The most vivid, disturbing way to experience PTSD is through a flashback. A flashback is when a person has recurring images flash before him when looking at normal things and cause the victim to be transported back to where the trauma took place and even begin to make the person feel, see, and smell the things he might’ve on that day or time period.This is especially common with war veterans like Vietnam War veterans. Vietnam War veterans can and have been known to be upset by war movies, hot humid weather, and even Asian cooking as it brings them back to the times when they were overseas and where they lost a lot of friends. PTSD has always been closely tied to the history of human warfare, not just the Vietnam War. PTSD is also known to soldiers and veterans as soldier’s heart, combat neurosis, and battle fatigue, meaning a soldier can lose their will to live and fight and just want to give up.Combat veterans who have witnessed or committed violent acts are more likely to develop PTSD. The men who liberated the Nazi war camps in the 1940’s could have been Severely distressed by the things they saw were being done to people. And through to today in the prisons the United States has where they keep war criminals and suspected terrorists like Abu Ghraib. Soldiers who wer e stationed there had seen some horrific things done to people, and those images could stick with them for a very long time.However, it was not until after the Vietnam War that PTSD became a well-known and serious mental health condition and captured the interest of doctors and psychiatrists. A study done on Vietnam War veterans showed that at least 1. 7 million veterans had experienced a serious case of PTSD when their tour was over or after the war. The attention received by the Vietnam War veterans also helped shed a light onto victims of other wars and events and allowed the still living Holocaust survivors to seek help if they wished.Another study showed that 55% of women were victims of a violent crime and that one in four of these women suffered from PTSD. It can affect everyone for an unlimited amount of reason ranging from natural disasters like a hurricane or earthquake to something more recent like the terrorist attack of September 11, 2001. Many civilians who escaped New York City that day saw and experienced some of the worst things imaginable, and one of the largest groups of people who suffered from that event was the members of the FDNY, NYPD, and PAPD.With the FDNY losing 343 firemen, the NYPD losing 23 police officers and the PAPD losing 7 officers, the first responders to the World Trade Center suffered heavy casualties. A lot of people lost fellow brothers and sisters going into the buildings attempting to save innocent civilians and lost their lives. A horrific event like 9/11 affects a larger amount of people and hits them harder than other things due to the severity, lives lost, and pointlessness of the attack. People who already may have underlying or prior mental health problems are more likely to develop PTSD.Genetics also play a role in making some people susceptible to PTSD and two people who are experiencing the same trauma can have two different outcomes. One person might be able to get through it and the other might be completely mentally exhausted and suffer the worst of the symptoms. People may not even know they have PTSD until the death of a close friend or relative or a divorce or something life changing brings them to an emotional low and can make them recall what they may have gone through.PTSD is a serious mental condition that affects more people than anyone might know. Some people are good at hiding feelings while others are not. Sadly some sufferers resort to using heavy quantities of alcohol and tranquilizers to numb their pain and make them able to cope with the disturbing recollections, nightmares and sleep problems and sadly many end up dependent on the drugs they’re using. PTSD can also lead to suicide if the victim experiences sever amounts of survivor’s guilt or feels as if they can’t take it anymore. Works Cited: . Vrana, Scott. â€Å"Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. † Salem Health Psychology & Mental Health. First edition. Editor: Nancy Piotrowski. Volume 4 Pas adena, CA: Salem Press, 2010. Print. 2. Miller, Allen, â€Å"Living With Anxiety Disorders† New York, Facts on File, 2008. Print 3. Jan Fawcett, â€Å"Post Traumatic Stress Disorder† The Encyclopedia of Mental Health Ada Kahn. First Edition. Volume 1 New York. Facts on File. 1993. Print. 4. nymag. com/news/articles/wtc/1year/numbers, New York Magazine, 11 September 2011. Web. 20 November 2011