Unit 5 discussion Exploring 1960 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unit 5 conversation Exploring 1960 - Research Paper Example Harmony, love, and fraternity were the mantra of the American Hippie. The hipster development (subculture) cut across pretty much every circle of American life, comprehensive of political, social, and conventional convictions. The Hippie development was a wide subculture that essentially modified the texture of American culture and society (Callan, 2006). Somehow or another, Hippies adjusted the style, music, and way of life of America. The gathering changed people’s recognition on no-no subjects, for example, sex, as it extensively saw sex characters and wants as something to be investigated instead of being contained. Neo-Nazism is a general term fusing viewpoints, for example, fundamentalist, patriot, racial oppressor, hostile to Semitic convictions, and political inclinations looking to restore the Nazi request or build up new request grounded in regulations like those supporting Nazi Germany. The counterculture development has a solid likeness with white patriot and white force skinhead developments (Lewis, 1996). Neo-Nazism is transcendent in patriot far-right gatherings, for example, National Alliance and radicalized renditions of protestantism. The development exhibits loathe towards minorities, gays and lesbians and seeks after the foundation of extremist political states. Neo-Nazism counterculture joins politically erroneous philosophies, for example, activist patriotism, homophobia, bigotry, xenophobia, prejudice, and against Semitism. Counterculture alludes to a social gathering whose qualities and standards are in strife with those of the social standard (Gay, 1997). Neo-Nazism is a counterculture since its philosophies, for example, xenophobic patriotism and National Socialism are at chances with the standard social goals, other than the greater part of its beliefs are unequivocally banned by constitutions and criminal laws of numerous

Business and Society Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Business and Society - Assignment Example Development of businesses and companies in the cutting edge world assists with producing more noteworthy work openings and expands the per capita salary level of people (Elliot, 2011). In this manner, the organizations help to take care of business financial government assistance of the people. Corporate social exercises of the cutting edge associations help to improve the nature of condition and society. Be that as it may, these organizations frequently use their own monetary force for controlling the arrangements set up by the administrative specialists (Langeland, 2013). Such exercises are directed through the campaigning practices of the organizations. Along these lines, enterprises and partnerships in the advanced time have the ability to shape the political, social, social and affordable parts of the world. The vast majority of the companies attempt to boost their benefit and income in business. Be that as it may, one of a kind systems of certain organizations make critical effect on the social and financial condition of certain people. For example, Ben and Jerry, a well known frozen yogurt organization of United States gives broad consideration on social and ecological improvement viewpoints (Roach, 2007). In 2001, the organization had utilized all unbleached paperboard pints for bundling purposes. In its mainstream One Sweet Whirled campaign, the organization attempted to address over the issue of worldwide climatic change. Such social duty related exercises of Ben and Jerry assists with improving the social and net government assistance across various economies (Roach, 2007). Monster global organizations, for example, Apple Inc., produces work open doors for a large number of people. Be that as it may, campaigning practices of the global organizations decreases social government assi stance. Organizations like Samsung spend nearly $900,000 for controlling the media transmission property rights related guidelines presented by the Federal government (Langeland, 2013). Business, government and society are three exceptionally interrelated factors in the present age.

High School Evaluations and Teacher Recommendations - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

High School Evaluations and Teacher Recommendations - UGA Undergraduate Admissions High School Evaluations and Teacher Recommendations We often get questions from First Year applicants regarding the counselor evaluation and teacher recommendation. These questions range from where to find these forms to how we are using this information in the file review process. Both forms are important in the review of a students file. Here are some tips on why they are important as well as how to have these forms sent to us. The high school evaluation not only tells usabout you, it tells us about your school as well. The first page of the evaluation tells us about your school’s grading scale, the most difficult courses available at your school, how many honors/AP/IB courses are available, etc. This information lets us know about your schools curriculum. This is important because we are reviewing your curriculum based on what you have available to you. The second page is where your high school counselor tells us about your curriculum. He or she will rate your curriculum difficulty for each of the five academic areas. If you have any questions about the classes you are taking or planning to take, it’s always best to start with your high school counselor. We have an electronic and paper version of our high school evaluation. The online form is better in that it can be automatically dropped into your file once we receive it. In fact, it will generally show up as received in an applicant’s myStatus within 2 to 3 business days after it has been submitted. If you submit a paper document, we have to receive it in the mail, scan it into our file system and match it to your file. This means you will not be able to see if we have received your HS evaluation as quickly as someone who has had an online evaluation sent. Your counselor can find our online form through the counselor portal. You can also generate an email to your counselor with a link directly to the online form from your myStatus! A teacher recommendation is required for all First Year applicants who apply Regular Decision or are deferred from Early Action. We want to see how you are as a student in the classroom. We would like one teacher recommendation from a junior or senior year teacher in an academic area class. If you send us more than one recommendation, we are not always going to be able to focus on everything in each letter as volume can drown out details. As with the high school evaluation, we have an online and paper copy of this form. You can also send an email to your teacher with a link to the online form from your myStatus. We can accept electronic recommendations through Docufide as well. Online forms, again, are better because they will be in your file much more quickly than a paper copy. And remember, no faxes! It is always better if you submit your application prior to sending any supplemental material. If we do not have an application for you when you submit material, it will be placed in our holding file. Right now we have about 9,200 documents in our holding file waiting to be matched with an application. If you were to stack those documents, thats roughly 8 feet of paper! It can take at least 5 to 10 business days for us to match material submitted prior to an applicant submitting the application and even longer closer to a deadline. We strongly recommend that you apply to UGA before you have material from your high school sent. We leave the online teacher recommendation and high school evaluation open for at least a week after the application deadline, so even if you are waiting until closer to the deadline to apply you will still have time to apply first. Go Dawgs!

Funding For Education For Public Schools - 1761 Words

When you think of gambling, what image do you see? If you are a politician or business leader in a depressed area, such as ours, you might see a casino bringing increasing employment. You may see new tax profits that would possibly develop roads and offer public assistance. If you are worried about funding for education, you might see profits from state lotteries for public schools. If you are concerned about the age of the community you may see Las Vegas, with its theme parks and kids’ play rooms. However, if you are a restaurant owner you might see your business closing and your employees laid off, because you are not able to compete with the bargain meals casinos use to entice patrons. You may worry about seeing your friends lured by†¦show more content†¦Issues can become muddy with fears and concerns. This makes it difficult to clearly see what to do next. Regular consideration of Scripture opens the heart of God to the reader. Learning and loving God’s hea rt changes us, placing the will of God into our heart through the Holy Spirit. As we contemplate, meditate, and memorize the Scriptures, clarity will come. By then we will be walking by faith and not by sight (2 Cor. 5:7). There is a biblical basis for the moral involvement of churches in their communities. One of the first revelations of Scripture is that God is the Creator of all that is and â€Å"God saw all that he had made, and it was very good† (Genesis 1:31). But God’s created order did not remain pure for long — sin corrupted the earth (Genesis 3). Yet, God, the Creator and Governor of the world, is also God the Redeemer who works and is working to transform the kingdoms of this earth into the kingdom of God (Revelation 21). The Old Testament prophets proclaimed the need for social justice and community righteousness (Isaiah 1:15–17; Amos 5:21–24). Micah declared, â€Å"He has showed you, O man, what is good; and what does the Lord require of you? To act justly, and to love mercy, and to walk humbly with your God† (Micah 6:8). The New Testament continued this concern for social justice. Jesus confirmed His intent not to â€Å"abolish the Law or the Prophets ... but to fulfill them† (Matthew 5:17). Christians are

Expository Essay Outline Help!

Expository Essay Outline Help! The Importance of Expository Essay Outline In search of fresh thoughts is among the fun pursuits. however, it can also be bored whenever we cannot locate the wanted idea. Essay writing provides a great deal of benefits to students in the academe. Some Inspiration Sometimes it merely helps to observe how others have tackled essays previously. To do so, you may use a graphic organizer. Bear in mind that it's helpful to make an outline or graphic organizer to organize your ideas before you get started writing, particularly for a lengthier essay. In some instances such sort of writing is also referred to as persuasive writing and demands some acute writing abilities. The key is you want to intrigue the reader. Totally free amendments As the ideal essay writing service, we would like you to feel absolutely happy about your purchase. Getting the Best Expository Essay Outline An expository writing, from the main word expose, intends to explain or expose a subject accessible. Your purpose is to effectively explain what a reader needs to understand about this issue and answer relevant and intriguing questions. Expository is factual and contains plenty of details in the shape of facts whereas narrative has figures of speeches and is much more flowing than expository. To be able to compose an informative essay it's important to contemplate the logical sequence whilst mentioning the points. Regardless of what your academic level is and which kind of paper you're assigned with, we will try to address it. Low rates, nice discou nts There isn't any need to devote all your savings, when you pay for essay. After you get started designing the outline, go right ahead and begin creating the structure. Any examples or support you provide ought to be regarding the topic accessible. Planning ahead is absolutely a good method of ensuring your expository essay ends up being a well-written one. Argumentative essays are also referred to as position papers due to their justification of the side of the issue they are written in support of. The thesis has to be formulated in the most concise fashion as it provides a very clear direction for your further research. Superior samples will steer you in structuring your essay by drafting an excellent outline. To create a thriving outline, get inspired from examples you can readily find online. Possessing a an outline template is among the ways it is possible to shape your thoughts into focused objectives. Ensure that using the outline you'll be able to produce an expository essay that doesn't leave doubts about its intent. Write after you produce an outline. The outline can assist you with subheadings within the body of your essay. A persuasive essay outline can be placed on paper for a sort of form. Generally, a five-paragraph essay is normal. Sooner or later, you want to get started writing your 5 paragraph essay! In the event the outline isn't good, even your essay isn't going to be good. Understanding how to compose a decent expository essay outline makes writing a very good expository essay an easy and easy approach. Every part of your essay needs to be labeled. Now you know the definition of an essay, it's now time for you know the sorts of essays. In all kinds of essay, always be sure that every component of your essay supports your thesis statement. There are many methods about how to compose an expository essay.

Introduction to Marketing M1 and D1 Free Essays

Introduction to Marketing – Comparing Marketing Techniques in HMeting Techniques in Hollister and Primark For this assignment I was meant to write about Primark and Hollister. I am still basing part of my assignment on Primark. But, I have changed Hollister to H M as I was unable to find any information on Hollister The information I found on Hollister the background I couldn’t find anything about aims and objectives and how Hollister market the business. We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Marketing M1 and D1 or any similar topic only for you Order Now The information I found on Hollister Hollister is an American lifestyle brand. The concept of Hollister was originally designed to attract customers between the ages of 14 to 18 as there prices are lower than the parent brand. Hollister clothing line was inspired by the parent brand SoCal. Hollister products are available in store across the world and online. Hollister was the second most preferred clothing on a list West Coast companies in 2008. The businesses I have chosen for this assignment are Primark and HM. HM Primark is an Irish clothing retailer, in Ireland Primark is known as Penneys. Primark have different store all around the world such as Portugal, Spain, Germany, the Netherlands United Kingdom and Belgium. Primark’s main headquarters are in Dublin. Primark first opened in 1969 on Mary Street in Dublin. Primark’s mission statement: â€Å"To supply quality clothing at prices perceived to offer real value. † Primark’s aims and objectives are: * To provide good quality products to customers. Primark want customers to know that they are an excellent company which provide good products for low prices. Primark achieve this by doing tests on their clothing and product to examine the quality of the goods they sell. Profit Maximisation * To sell products and clothing at reasonable prices. Primark want their customers to have a variety of clothing and product at suitable prices. Primark well achieve this aim by looking at what other high street store are selling and make their prices lower so they stay ahead of their competition. * To be helpf ul and friendly to customers and other employees. The customer of Primark like the atmosphere at Primark and service given this well make them to come back so therefore Primark well gain repeat customers. Primark will achieve this by greeting the customer as they walk in. By doing this Primark employees create an excellent atmosphere for customers as the greeting makes them feel welcome. * To treat everyone the same. A customer at Primark needs to feel that they are treated the same as any other customer at Primark. If a customer feel they are being treated differently to someone else they are more likely to shop somewhere else so therefore Primark well lose customers because the customer who thinks they were treated unfairly will tell their family and friends about their experience at Primark so word of mouth well have an impact on Primark. H M’s mission statement: The aims and objectives of H M are: HM aims: * To show appreciation. * To encourage long-term commitment. * To promote future recruitment. * To strengthen HM as an attractive employer. HM have three mean marketing objectives the three objectives are: * To make the HM brand name more well known by doing more promotion example more advertising. The HM brand need to be more outstandingly outside of significant cities. In the USA more people are unaware of what HM offer. So to gain more customers and beat their competitors HM are advertising the brand in different way compared to their competition example HM membership. If you are a member of HM you can get text messages and email informing customers about the newest product HM have. The HM brand need to be well known as the more people know about the brand, the easier it is to expand such as more stores in more countries. * To focus on the fact which HM’s regular sale prices are usually lower than their competitors. The second objective of HM is to focus a percentage of the advertising to the fact that HM average sale prices are more regularly lower than their competition. HM rely on nonstop focus on cutting cost. Also the officials in HM buy the materials as cheaply as possible; HM also need to keep their overheads low. All the advertisements focusing on HM’s low price but good quality products. This helps keeps the HM’s brand image in a positive light among their teenage customers while still stating that they are good value for money. To use economic slowdown as a possibility to expand by obtaining more low – cost venue and prepare for future economic growth. HM want to expand in the USA by securing low cost venues. As the economic property market gets worse HM which leases it’s will find it more straightforward acquiring prime locations at excellent period. This will give HM an advantage when the property market picks back up. HM use the opportunity to expand to l ow – priced venues for the future climb in the brand There are similarities in the way Primark and HM market their products for example jeans. Primark market their new collection of jean on the internet by having â€Å"pop up† advertisements on line for example on if you have an email contact sometimes there are advisements. HM advertise the same way as Primark but they also have television advertisements advertising for example a new pair of jeans. Also if you’re a member of the HM you get emails to your email address informing the receiver about any new collections. Primark do give got leaflet or fashion books with the season’s current fashion in which can be found at the store. HM do give their customer leaflets and booklets informing them of the season current fashion which HM sell in store. For example the leaflet or booklet could be about all the different types of jeans HM sell. It is also type advertising. If Primark were to give their customers leaflets and booklets they would gain more customers. HM do competitions but HM customers are only allowed to enter the completion once they have spent a certain amount of money at their store or on line. Primark don’t do competitions as their purpose is to gain customers by selling products cheaply. HM give out vouchers to their customer and also do discounts at the end of season on their clothing this is a great marketing strategy because the customer knows that HM want to make a profit but they also take the customers The two marketing tools Primark and HM use are Market Penetration and Market Development. Market penetration is used in Primark and HM. For example Primark and HM sell clothing such as jeans tops dress coats jackets e. . which are existing products to existing markets. Using market penetration is a marketing strategy which the aim is that Primark and HM Primark and HM both use market development because the aim of market development is to sell existing products into new markets. Primark and HM have opened store around the world. HM also distribute clothing in different ways. Example they have an order before 3pm and you get the product you ordered the next day. You can also order online and collect at the store which is local to you. Market development is a dangerous strategy compared to market penetration because market development target new customers and markets. To conclude this report I think that branding and (something else) are need in Primark and H M in order for the business to be successful. Marking strategies are key in business in order to give the business structure. Introduction to Marketing – The Effectiveness of Marketing Techniques used by HM Market penetration are customer know purchase a product. For example if someone was to purchase a limted edtion Anna Dello Russa at HM . The market would be people in the UK who like limted edtion Anna Dello Russa at HM. HM would grow by the rising number of people in the market who have bought the dress at HM. Market development is when a business sells an existing product to new markets such as new customers. So in the example of the a limted edtion Anna Dello Russa at HM. HM could sell limted edtion Anna Dello Russa Rangein America. The product wouldn’t have changed, the prouct is just being sold to a different market to different customers. One of the advantages of using market penetration is that HM would offer lower prices for a specified period to attract new customers. The customers might not respond when the normal price returns. But during that period they will get more customers. A disadvantage of using market penetration is that it could result in reduced profitability. As when using market penetration HM reduce pricing meaning they may result in profits being low. If HM were to launch a new range the result in sales may not cover the adversiting coasts and distribution costs. As market penetration seeks to achieve four main objectives what are: * To maintain the market share of current products. * Secure dominance of growth markets. * Restructure a mature market by driving out competitors. * Increase usage by existing customers. The advantage market penetration is that it can be achieved by a combination of competitive pricing strategies, advertising, sales promotion and personal shopper. HM do all of the strategies listed above they adviste on telvision and online and in local area by posters. For the more high end people they even offer a personal shopper service. HM use market penetration to adviste the business to make it more known for example when HM advertise they are letting there customers know what products they are selling HM uses another objective of the market penetration to their advantage by increase usage by existing customers by having a loyalty scheme. HM offer a store card to their customers when their customers use the store card they get discounts on certain products in the shop. * It identifies what customers want. Market development indenties what customers want. Market development is the name given to a growth strategy where the business seeks to sell its existing products into new markets. There are many possible ways of approaching this strategy, including: * New geographical markets; for example exporting the product to a new country * New product dimensions or packaging: for example New distribution channels (e. g. moving from selling via retail to selling using e-commerce and mail order) * Different pricing policies to attract different customers or create new market segments Market development is a more risky strategy than market penetration because of the targeting of new markets. The advantage of using market development is that HM sell products such as clothing that all ready exists to new customers/ markets. Another advantage of market development is that HM are selling clothing to new customers in different countries. The disadvange of doing this is that ecomic changes can happen in the countries which HM have expand to meaning that they will therefore may lose money and their share holders divident can go down. The disadvange of using market development is that it is risker than using market penetration. The reseach I did to come to the conclusion I have made can be found on these websites and in the books listed below: Bevan, John; Coupland-Smith, Helen; Dransfield, Rob. BTEC Level 3 National Business, Book 1. http://www. penetrating. net/ http://www. s-m-i. net/pdf/Business%20strategyntro. pdf How to cite Introduction to Marketing M1 and D1, Essay examples

Solar Photovoltaic (PV)

Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Solar photovoltaic (PV) uses solar cells to capture energy from sunlight and converts it to electricity by photovoltaic effect through assembling solar cells. Transmitted through solar modules and solar panels, sunlight is easily converted to solar power that can be supplied to off-grid areas as alternative to power solutions in remote and dispersed communities.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Solar Photovoltaic (PV) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Solar photovoltaic (PV) project is a predominant technology that consists of 10-100 Wp of solar PV panel that attract solar radiations through daylight and stores the energy in the automobile battery which is then transmitted through cabling and low-wattage Dc lamps (Energy and Mining Sector Board, 2007). Practical application of photovoltaic cells producing electricity from sunlight is applied by connecting a series of modules, interconnected in parallels or series creating an array of an additive voltage. Photons in sunlight hit solar panels and absorbed by silicon (semiconducting materials) (Shive, 1959). Electrons being charged are knocked loose from their atoms, allowing them to flow through the silicon in a single direction to produce electricity (silicon) (Lorenzo et al, 1994, p.78; Smee, 1849). Arrays of solar cells are convert the solar energy into usable amount of direct current (DC) electricity which could be applied to development activities such as water pumping, small cottage industry, poultry rearing, fish farming among others (Lorenzo et al, 1994, p.78; Anderson 2001). Introduction Science and technology has defined desired service outcome for end users. Use of solar photovoltaic technology has amplified and transformed the rural poor population who can not afford electricity (Wolf, 1976). It requires active participation of community members, who are the end users beneficiaries and the government, should actively participate to foresee the project completion. This essay demonstrates how technology sector, for this instance, Solar photovoltaic (PV), a solar energy that is currently processed by World Bank in Bangladesh has incredibly transformed the living standards of the rural poor population.Advertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Data obtained for this analysis is culmination research efforts gathered between World Bank projects and extensive assessment performed by a group of industry practitioners in Bangladesh in pursue of project management and Information technology programs. Developing countries have over the years been striving to provide energy solutions to the poor marginalized areas. Despite many projects that have been implemented for years, more than 1.5 billion people in developing countries mostly in the Sub- Saharan African region and South Asia remain without access to electricity services today. In this regard, World Bank continue to implement projects to meet Bangladesh lightening and other basic energy needs since majority of the households in the rural areas depend on expensive fuel based energy power such as kerosene, which are indeed inefficient and polluting. World Bank’s project uses renewable energy-based technologies ranging from solar photovoltaic (PV) systems to micro hydropower to off-grid areas as alternative to power solutions in remote and dispersed communities (Lorenzo, 1994). This projected has also been accelerated due to the recent increment of fuel prices. Among the financiers, World Bank is the leading sponsor of the off-grid electrification benefiting more than 1 million households including both small and medium size enterprises. Solar Thermal Power Plant in Bangladesh enabled sustainment of community development activities such as water pumping, small cottage industry, poultry rearing, fish farming among others. The study starts by mentioning impacts of solar photovoltaic (PV) on Bangladesh society, problems inherent within the project application of solar photovoltaic (PV) in Bangladesh rural development, national subsidiaries and the government working to meet the basic energy needs. The analysis did however conclude that PV improved living standards and the livelihood of the rural poor population.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Solar Photovoltaic (PV) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This therefore brings us to the conclusion that technology is indeed a practice that requires testing regimes to arrive at best practices. In this regard, understanding both internal and external processes rather than relying on the prescribed best practices within information technology industry is very important. Overview of Bangladesh Community Many rural communities in Bangladesh require energy solutions to sustain their economic a ctivities. Many of their projects are usually constrained by lack of modern supply of energy and jeopardized their ability to live above poverty levels. Economic activities related to water pumping, small cottage industry, poultry rearing, fish farming among others are very important in sustaining community development. Many of these projects require small amount of power as low as 100w to 3kW, which could be provided by PV. In this case, the government should initiate and enhance productive activities for long-term project sustainability. This brought us to the conclusion that the major ingredients to providing off-grid require technical assistance and adequate financing from the government, private subsidiaries and international donors. Therefore the costs of PV built to serve the off-grid community need to be justified in its productive loads especially in daytime when the sunshine is out enough to supply nighttime household loads, otherwise the wall project would not be cost eff ective (Cabraal et al, 2008, p.15). Bangladeshi government should ensure that regulatory requirements designed for off-grid markets are appropriate, devise reporting and service quality standards in rural areas and set lower costs that can be redistributed over an extended period (Reiche et al, 2006). For PV services for instance, Reiche et al (2006) argues that the only regulatory body that would foresee the completion of the project would be the government that provides subsidies for system purchase and installation.Advertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reiche and his colleagues (2006) add that regulatory actions involve accreditation of participating companies, settings and enforcing standards (preferably adopting internationally accepted standards), verification of installation, and random monitoring of system performance-actions that World Bank-supported projects usually require of counterpart government agencies (p.7). Impacts of solar photovoltaic (PV) on Bangladesh society Solar photovoltaic (PV) and SHS technical options enhance affordability and provide smaller, lower-power solar systems that offer lower quantity of service without compromising its quality (Cabraal et al, 1996). For example, Cabraal and his colleagues (1996) analysis demonstrate that a solar panel costing $ 50 to $75 would provide 3-4hours of lighting on a daily basis. Also, the SHS costing $ 600 can operate up to 3-4 hours of lighting and radio daily. LED technology advances are also cost efficient and can also be adopted into the most marginalized and ret ail infrastructure. Overall, adequate attention to SHS products and services are needed lead to reduced costs and replacements less expensive (Cabraal et al, 2008, p.19). World Bank investment projects have over the years made impressive gains in improving electricity access specifically in developing countries. It’s estimated that majority of Bangladesh population both in rural and marginalized areas has no access to electricity. Poor household here are defined as people living in off-grid areas with low-income levels. Government programs in Bangladesh should in this case prioritize allocation of scarce resources. This is because unprivileged populations are found to be concentrated in the rural communities. However, the costs required to electrify this places vary significantly. Marginal areas have been without electricity for sometime since private organizations are unwilling to connect customers because if the inherent high costs installation and with lower tariffs. In re ality, private sectors prefer to concentrate on grid intensification due to lower cost per connection and easier to implement. Government projects are rarely off-grid decisions and its time they supported energy initiatives that would stimulate the growth of micro-enterprises that would benefit the economy. For these reasons, some off-grid projects have been neglected hence the need for World Bank sponsorship. The spatial-analysis of power line being plotted in Bangladesh is one of such example (Cabraal et al, 2008, p.4). Rural renewable electrification programs such as solar photovoltaic (PV) are increasingly becoming popular in developing countries as a means of providing alternative energy sources to rural poor population. PV technology varies significantly in design and implementation as well as its degree of success. Lorenzo and his colleagues (1994) argue that sustainability of this programs are widely successful with collective participation from the local government, donor f unding and the community. Solar photovoltaic tends to be a technical demonstration project and relies totally on funding from donor organizations and local governments. In this regard, World Bank projects aimed at mainstreaming sustainable development principles into development aspects, is projected as a primary donor for community sustainment. It mobilizes efforts from community, the government and private-sectors to improve coordination among environmental institutions both internationally and locally. World Bank projects have over the years been accredited with increasing the capacity of environmental issues and awareness of community on environmental issues by encouraging their active participation to monitor environmental quality. According to Yongxoue et al (2003), World Bank’s main objective is to â€Å"integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programs and reverse the loss of environmental resources† (p.10). It’s quit e clear that access to energy solutions would incredibly improve Bangladesh’s welfare. According to Cabraal et al (2008) research, there are about 260 million rural household without access to electricity. It is evidenced that majority of these households reside in either dispersed or small villages far form the city centers. World Bank is therefore trying to bridge this gap by implementing projects that provide electricity to such neglected areas using technology options approaches such as solar photovoltaic that have attained commercial maturity over the past 15-20 years. Based on practical knowledge gathered from various literatures and international experience accumulated through the past and on going World Bank operations, World Bank’s unique projects offer basic design principles of project management and sound practices and prescribe solutions for success (Cabraal et al, 2008). Solar photovoltaic projects aimed at improving lives and livelihood opportunities hav e helped those who can not afford personal house connections. From the perspective of data gathered from various literatures, such technological applications increase the economic attractiveness of the community. Issues surrounding solar photovoltaic (PV) It’s evidenced that a station with 2kw capacity charged battery can serve up to 50 households. The only disadvantage is that the solar powered batteries can only serve people living near the station since the battery must be transported to and from the charging station once a week. On the other hand however, Barkat (2003) argues that â€Å"in some projects, quality systems were installed without providing for longer-term maintenance, which harmed the reputation of the project and technology† (p.6). Also,lack of donor funding and the inability to reach the off-grid areas due to poor infrastructure has always been a major obstacle in realizing rural solar electrification objective. Bangladesh management team on the othe r hand lacked awareness in decision making level. The country had not prioritized solar development plan and poor coordination among line agencies at local levels to foresee the project completion were evident. There were so many undergoing projects, but locals lacked understanding of the project activities and how it would benefit them. Locals assumed that the project only targeted long term impacts which made them less motivated and more concerned about short term direct impacts. This brought us to the conclusion that complex issues in developing countries require more practical solutions to solve the problem in the community in a short-term basis. Even though, solar energy projects have been stated as one of the Bangladesh’s national development plan priority, in fact, it’s shocking to realize that the country has given the project less priority since its implementation (Yongxoue et al, 2003, p.3). Sibanda and Mahbub (2003) states that World Bank acted as an adminis trator for the Global Partnership on Output-Based Aid (GPOBA) with grants of a total of $8.3 million to sponsor part of the costs for installation of Solar Home Systems (PV) and renewable energy mini-grids for poor households located in Bangladesh rural areas (p.2). The projects benefited more than 14,000 households and over 5000 small to medium enterprises. Some of the projects included irrigation pumps, poultry farms and as well as timber mills in the rural areas. The ongoing project is expected to enable majority of poor rural population and dispersed areas have access to affordable energy through the PV and mini-grid projects. Zafrul Islam as quoted in Sibanda and Mahbub (2003) states that the GPOBA projects will support the Government of Bangladesh’s goal to ensure that the entire country has access to electricity by 2021. 80% of Bangladesh’s population live in rural areas and are also the group most affected by a lack of sufficient electricity generation. These p rojects will help 140,000 more households gain access to affordable electricity (p.1). Sibanda and Mahbub (2003) continue that the proposed PV project will reduce PV installation costs benefiting off-grid areas. Mr. Islam Sharrif as quoted in Sibanda and Mahbub (2003) adds that our mission at IDCOL is to encourage private sector investment in energy and infrastructure projects,† said Mr. Islam Sharif, CEO of IDCOL. The output-based aid approach has an impressive track record to date because it helps low income households gain access to electricity and makes it attractive for the private sector to offer services to the poor (p.2). In his statement Mr. Islam Sharrif concluded that the amount paid by GPOBA was seen as an incentive for business in the country to offer services to the poor people and the World Bank out-put based approach will ensure that payments made go directly to the qualifying household access to PV installation (Sibanda and Mahbub, 2003, p.2). Since its establ ishment in 2003, GPOBA has sponsored various projects including education, infrastructure and health designed to create incentives for efficiency and long-term development projects. Bangladeshi government should play an active role by funding and inviting proposals from private sectors, rural energy fund and support such investments on qualifying bidders. In either case, the governments sound practice to subsidize a portion of the capital costs while the community and private sectors balances the investment costs and full cost of the operation and maintenance. The third approach calls for active participation of government-contracted projects or public utilities operating in marginalized areas. Here, the government takes full charge by regulating tariffs which is an equivalent to the lifeline tariff of rural grid customers. In other words, utility operator is provided a subsidy from a public source as part of capital operations and maintenance costs. This model is also evident in th e Philippines where the government funds its micro-operation projects. For Bangladesh case, World Bank project centered on off-grid SHS has enabled rural electrification. With regard to World Bank projects, the dealer aspect often incorporates micro-finance assistance, which deals with the initial high upfront costs (Cabraal et al, 2008, p.20). In this case, mobilization of both government and sponsoring agencies is required since off-grid electrification is difficult to implement. Persistence and efforts from the government in support of World Bank projects are very important in ensuring completion of the projects. Government commitment to revive subsidiary slack when external financing ends to ensure the completion of the project is also required. Alternative Views After extensive research, I realized that long-term sustainability of the project will depend on many factors either than just technology. First of all, Cabraal and his colleagues (2008) argue that Bangladesh will requi re effective prioritization and adequate planning to ensure implementation of technological solutions, infrastructure and financial are provided for long-term purposes. Drawing on World Bank’s experience in design and implementing off-grid electrification projects, rural electrification solar projects guidance and insights into fundamental design principles for sustainability and sound practices for effective decision-making in Bangladesh will an effective solution (Cabraal et al, 2008). Secondly, active participation of government-contracted projects or public utilities operating in marginalized areas. World Bank projects should incorporate micro-finance assistance to deal with the initial high upfront costs. It has often been argued that reduced capital costs subsequently improve affordability of capital-intensive off-grid technologies. Some countries oppose the off-grid technologies, encouraging further consumption of high fuel. The implementation of solar PV have simplifi ed energy solutions and enabled Bangladesh to build long-term relationship with its donors and subsidiaries hence reducing the share of costs attributed to management and overhead costs (Cabraal et al, 2008, p.20). To ensure the likelihood of sustainability of the projects, Cabraal and his colleagues (2008) argue that Bangladesh government should play a role of off-grid options by simplifying regulations, appointing competent and dedicated project management staff to foresee the completion of the project. Since the project is technology driven, the project should include cost effective analysis to determine the least-cost solutions and our technology choice will be based practical considerations. Deliverance mechanisms and consumer service for off-grid projects specifically rely on private sector participation in line with local realities which enable access to quality and affordable products and services in the long-term. In order to increase affordability, Sibanda and Mahbub (2003 ) argue that off-grid electrification project in the rural Bangladesh must include subsidiaries, low-cost energy options like PV for this instance, consumer financing and finally polices and business practice. Role of subsidiaries in this case would be to foresee the completion of grid-based rural electrification to off-grid areas that have poor and dispersed population. It has also been argued that technologies for decentralized service have the ability to configure individual units that have higher investment costs to low fuel and operating costs compared to fuel-based supply systems. In some cases, the resulting energy costs may be higher that what a potential customer is willing to pay and subsidiaries in this case help off-grid consumers afford the upfront costs of access (Sibanda and Mahbub, 2003, p.17). Subsidiaries provided by PV in World Bank projects in Bangladesh reflects wide variations of systems costs, government attitudes towards subsidiary support and willingness to pay levels. For example, the PV subsidiary projects known as the RERED include PV system size of 20-70 WP with approximately 12 % cost in subsidiary range. Subsidiary financing can be gained from micro-financial institutions, banks and leasing companies. Such arrangements can increase affordability by spreading first costs over several years. Therefore strong partnership between microfinance institutions and energy companies would facilitate fast off-grid lending programs (Cabraal et al, 2008, p.19). Implications on Education The main objective of PV electrification is to ensure potential productive applications are likely to be fruitful once the PV is built. For effective implementation, early identification of local participant for the PV project, assisting individuals in developing business plan and identifying financial modalities. Sometimes over optimisms evaluation of potential productive application may be impractical to implement since they do not indicate significant potent ial for utilization. Institutional and community application are also important to ensuring off-grid electrification come to its full potential. For example, community centers around at the projects areas such as hospitals and schools can voluntary give assistance by financing the projects. In a business model perspective, World Bank or donor-funded institutions that have offered critical mass of assistance for PV market packages are offered bidding where the highest bidder is given the right to sell the PV to local households at subsidized rates and even a contract to install the PV systems to selected institutions. An important feature of this model is that the project enables long term maintenance and services that meet specific service standards (Cabraal et al, 2008, p.16). Bangladesh government should be actively involved in decision making, planning and implementation of the program and in selection of the program objectives. Raising community awareness by offering education o n reasons to which the programs are being implemented, the actual benefits of the program and causes of any factors that contribute to their apparent success or lack of success should be highly prioritized. Comprehensive set of success criteria and a road map followed by program planners and implementers should be provided to ensure success of the PV program. Since off-grid projects that rely on private sector participation, Bangladeshi government should employ simplest technological solutions that commensurate with local realities and support donor initiatives to foresee the project success. Lack of education threatens the progress achieved by any development and jeopardizes the main objective of community development. Community members who are not acculturated to technology use must be provided with adequate training and encouraged to participate in development initiatives with the aim of increasing awareness. Community involvement in development initiatives should be incorporated right from the planning phase of development projects, to ensure that their positive impacts can be sustained in the long term. With this regard, Information on ongoing operations, maintenance and replacement costs, alongside national recycling programs must be made and education arrangements made to ensure safe disposal of hazardous waste. Subsidiaries for off-grid populations are often justified on social equity grounds, what Barnes and Halpern (2000) defines as their ability to help rural dwellers to attain a level of parity by extending infrastructure costs and lifelines tariffs. In market imperfection aspect, Barnes and Halpern (2000) states that â€Å"lack of adequate information regarding specific opportunities, true cost of service and unavailable long-term financing often slow down the already economic off-grid projects or those that are close to completion† (p.5). Therefore appropriate designed subsidiaries for off-grid electrification enables the completion of phy sical interventions to occur by providing the otherwise uninterested investors with financial incentives and support. Barnes and Halpern (2000) add that project management mechanisms that mostly target the economic projects of the needy societies are usually effective if they incorporate implementation program that work. For example, it’s considered more effective to subsidize the upfront costs to consumers or business costs in dispersed areas than operating costs (Cabraal et al, 2008, p.18). Conclusion Off-grid projects that rely on private sector participation should employ simplest delivery mechanisms that commensurate with local realities. Here, Bangladeshi government should seek assistance from service providers, assess risks involved, provide technical assistance and provide technical assistance where appropriate. Before project implementation, choice of technologies must be tested for practical considerations like availability of adequate resources, ease of operations and maintenance and access to spare parts. Also, data should be collected across various sectors that would be willing to use the services which would be factored into technology selection process. For PV for example, the govenement should cooperate with World Bank in providing data on energy consumption and income levels’ while the choice on appropriate technologies should be left to service provider with investment parameters to consider. The conception and implementation of the PV project must always be consistence with the overall rural lighting plan for Bangladeshi. In this regard, the project should steer clear of ad-hoc factors that may kill the come to completion. Within early its early assessment phase, the Bangladeshi government should pay highest priority to raising community awareness, involve and support donor initiatives to foresee the project success. Promotion programs and community meeting alongside national recycling programs must be made and education arran gements to ensure safe disposal of hazardous waste. References Anderson, D. (2001). Clean electricity from photovoltaic’s. London: Imperial College Press. Barkat, A. (2003). Rural Electrification and Poverty Reduction: Case of Bangladesh. Paper presented at Sustainable Rural Electrification in Developing Countries: Is It Possible?, International conference of NRECA International, 6, 1-3 Barnes, D. F., and Halpern, J. 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Electrification and Regulation:  Principles and a Model Law. Energy and Mining Sector Board DiscussionPaper No. 18. Washington, DC: World Bank. Shive, J. N. (1959). Semiconductor devices. Van Nostrand Sibanda, J., Mahbub, M. (2003). World Bank-administered GPOBA and IDCOL help low-income households in Bangladesh access electricity. News Release, 10, 1-2 Smee, A. (1849). Electro-Biology: The Voltaic mechanism of man. London: Longman Press Wolf, M. (1976). Historical development of solar cells :25th power sources  symposium. C.E Backuss: IEEE Press Yongxue, C., Sunny, G., Giannelia, M., Hughes, A., Johnso n, A., Khoo, T. (2003). Identifying Best Practices in Information Technology Project Management. Organizational Development, 30, 1-22. This essay on Solar Photovoltaic (PV) was written and submitted by user Dario Snow to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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